You should be able to share your calendar by publishing it to Office Online. This essentially allows you to publish it to anyone, regardless of whether they're on Exchange or not. You'll need to set up a Microsoft Live account (doesn't cost anything). Once you have an account, you can public the calendar by simply right-clicking it and selecting Publish to Internet and Publish to Office Online.

Be aware that it is possible to block Internet sharing in both Exchange 2007 and 2010, so if your Exchange admins have chosen to block it then this wont work for you either.

I've never tried syncing the Exchange calendar on my iPhone with a desktop Outlook (as my hosted Exchange provider lets me access my mailbox anywhere), so I can't really offer any insight there.

Hope this helps though.

-SW