Theoretically something like this may work:
You have the payroll table in sheet set as very hidden. In leftmost column of payroll table are stored LogIns of employees;
Have your VBA Project protected with password (so some employee more proficient with Excel can't remove the Very Hidden setting from Payroll sheet). And have the Payroll sheet named in way, users can't guess it easily (like some meaningless string);
Create an UDF, which returns the LogIn of current user (this is a step because of which I used "Theoretically" - I have never needed to do this in Excel, but I have a feeling I have read about it somewhere.);
Have a single visible sheet, and into some cell enter the formula for user's LogIn;
Use VLookup formulas, to get all payroll data for current user from payroll table on very hidden sheet;
Protect the visible sheet, where current user payroll info is displayed, with password, setting formulas hidden (so user can't see the name of very hidden sheet in formula).