Found the answer. I'd been using keyword searches that kept directing me to problems with missing items in the individual menus, which can be caused by customizing the toolbars and fixed by resetting them to their defaults.

Then I finally stumbled across a reference to missing the entire toolbars, which can be fixed with one click in the little oval button in the upper right corner of the document window. I can't imagine why anyone would want to hide them completely when working on a document, but there you have it.