Caption cross-referencing already gives you the option to include only the caption type & number or only the caption text. However, there is no way to exclude part of the caption from the table of figures and, if you delete it from there, Word will re-insert it next time anything causes fields in the document to update (e.g. printing).
To work around this, you would have to build your Table of Figures manually, using the applicable caption cross-referencing options.

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Cheers,
Paul Edstein
[Fmr MS MVP - Word]