That document is showing citations put in by a third party tool called Mendeley. This doesn't appear to use the built-in Microsoft citations feature and that is why the macro has no effect in that particular file.
So before developing an all-new solution for your problem, you should first determine whether the tool that created those 'citations' has a capability to perform the change that you require. If it doesn't then a completely different macro would need to work through the content controls that Mendeley has put there. This macro appears to work on your sample
Code:
Sub MoveMendeleyCitations()
Dim aCC As ContentControl, aRng As Range
For Each aCC In ActiveDocument.ContentControls
If aCC.Tag Like "MENDELEY_CITATION*" Then
Set aRng = aCC.Range
aRng.Start = aRng.Start - 2
aRng.End = aRng.End + 1
Do While aRng.Characters.First = " "
aRng.Start = aRng.Start - 1
Loop
aRng.Select
If aRng.Characters.First Like "[?!:;.]" Then
aRng.InsertAfter aRng.Characters.First
aRng.Characters.First.Delete
If aRng.Characters.First <> " " Then aRng.InsertBefore " "
End If
End If
Next aCC
End Sub