As someone whose employer's in-house style used to mandate two spaces after a period, I understand the need.

You could certainly write a macro to test each found instance of a potential abbreviation to see if it matches an abbreviation list, but I don't think it's going to be accurate unless you put some effort into figuring out dealing with the abbreviations that could easily come at the end of a sentence:

appt., Ave., corp., dept., et al., etc., Inc., and more

Also, you'd need to figure out two-letter abbreviations, like a.m./p.m., which could also easily come at the end of a sentence. Or not. If your wildcard string finds text followed by a period, you'll need to also need a wildcard string that looks for strings with two periods, e.g., "a.m." and others, and another list of those abbreviations.

You could get partway there by setting Word to show instances of one space after a period -- partway there because it's not fully accurate.