Try this code instead. If you want subtle changes in colour to show text on a pastel background you need to use RGB values rather than sticking with limits of the built-in Word variables.
Code:
Private Sub Document_ContentControlOnExit(ByVal ContentControl As ContentControl, Cancel As Boolean)
Const StrPwd As String = "abc"
With ContentControl
Select Case .Title
Case "Bondy Scale"
If ActiveDocument.ProtectionType <> wdNoProtection Then ActiveDocument.Unprotect Password:=StrPwd
With .Range
.Cells(1).Shading.Texture = wdTextureNone
Select Case .Text
Case "Dependent", "Marginal"
.Cells(1).Shading.BackgroundPatternColor = RGB(255, 109, 109)
.Font.Color = wdColorRed
Case "Assisted"
.Cells(1).Shading.BackgroundPatternColor = RGB(255, 183, 67)
.Font.Color = RGB(255, 160, 0)
Case "Supervised", "Independent"
.Cells(1).Shading.BackgroundPatternColor = wdColorLightGreen
.Font.Color = wdColorBrightGreen
Case Else
.Cells(1).Shading.BackgroundPatternColor = wdColorWhite
.Font.ColorIndex = wdAuto
End Select
End With
ActiveDocument.Protect wdAllowOnlyFormFields, True, StrPwd
End Select
End With
End Sub