It assumes they are defined in report! To get the report automatically, they MUST be defined for check, or for transaction.

The number of row in additional table at calculated columns on checks sheet (and the max number of rows) must be calculated. It assumes there must be strict rules which accounts are going into which column of report, and maybe you also need some additional info saved into major accounts table to do those calculations.

I haven't Office available at weekend, so currently I can't check.

Some additional thoughts:
Keep all entry columns in tables in left side columns, and all calculated columns at right of them and colored - the possibility that user enters something into field with formula will be less. It also makes easier to copy entered data from table, or to copy data into table (when user must to add/overwrite data in table with data copied from somewhere, the range must contain only entry columns, and instead of "Copy", "PasteSpecial>Values must be used);
After you get your application working properly, hide all sheets/calculated columns not needed for user to be seen (like Table row numbers). Abundant info will only confuse the user;
For designing time, you can have columns where you distribute amounts to major accounts and rows at right of checks table. As final step, create an additional sheet, which will be hidden, and where you have a table of checks for report month read from checks table and listed - all columns where you distribute amounts to major accounts and to report rows mus be in this Table instead of checks Table. The Table must have enough prepared rows for any report month (estimate max number of checks in month, multiply this number e.g. with 2, and you have a number of rows you probably need). As result, when you use this workbook for a year, you have at least about four times less of cells with formulas as when having them all in checks table, which results in less calculation time. When you use the workbook for several years, the gain in calculation time will grow.